What is the most common cause of hyperphosphatemia?

The most common cause of hyperphosphatemia is renal failure. Less common causes can be classified according to pathogenesis; ie, increased phosphate intake, decreased phosphate output, or a shift of phosphate from the intracellular to the extracellular space. Often, several mechanisms contribute.

What causes acute hypophosphatemia?

Hypophosphatemia is most commonly induced by one of three causes: Inadequate phosphate intake. Increased phosphate excretion. Shift from extracellular phosphate into the intracellular space.

What is acute hypophosphatemia?

Hypophosphatemia is a condition in which your blood has a low level of phosphorous. Low levels can cause a host of health challenges, including muscle weakness, respiratory or heart failure, seizures, or comas. The cause of hypophosphatemia is always from some other underlying issue.

What causes phosphate toxicity?

Common causes of phosphate toxicity in humans include impaired renal function, rhabdomyolysis and tumour lysis syndrome. In addition, exogenous phosphate toxicity is also documented in patients with Hirschsprung disease when exposed to hypertonic phosphate enemas [77].

What are the effects of hyperphosphatemia?

Signs and symptoms of acute hyperphosphatemia result from the effects of hypocalcemia, with patients occasionally reporting symptoms such as muscle cramps, tetany, and perioral numbness or tingling. Other symptoms include bone and joint pain, pruritus, and rash.

Why does hyperventilation cause hypophosphatemia?

This reaction causes the consumption of intracellular phosphate. As a result, phosphate is redistributed into the intracellular space thus reducing extracellular phosphate concentration and causing hypophosphataemia.

How is hyperphosphatemia treated?

There are three main strategies for correcting hyperphosphatemia:

1. I. Diet: restricting dietary phosphate intake.
2. II. Enhancing elimination: removing phosphate with adequate dialysis.
3. III. Minimising phosphate absorption: reducing intestinal absorption using phosphate binders.

How is acute hypophosphatemia treated?

Mild/moderate acute hypophosphatemia usually can be corrected with increased dietary phosphate or oral supplementation, but intravenous replacement generally is needed when significant comorbid conditions or severe hypophosphatemia with phosphate depletion exist.

Why does hyperphosphatemia cause hypocalcemia?

By precipitating calcium, decreasing vitamin D production, and interfering with PTH-mediated bone resorption, hyperphosphatemia can cause hypocalcemia; in severe cases, hypocalcemia can be life-threatening.

How does acromegaly cause hyperphosphatemia?

Patients with acromegaly frequently have phosphate and calcium abnormalities, such as mild hyperphosphatemia (related to increased tubular phosphate reabsorption), a tendency toward increased plasma calcium levels, and hypercalciuria (6–8).

When to treat hyperphosphatemia?

Hyperphosphatemia is best managed by treating the underlying disorder (i.e., administering intravenous fluids for rhabdomyolysis). No treatment is usually needed in the setting of normal renal function as hyperphosphatemia is self-resolving.

What does hyperphosphatemia cause?

The most common cause of hyperphosphatemia is renal failure. Less common causes can be classified according to pathogenesis; ie, increased phosphate intake, decreased phosphate output, or a shift of phosphate from the intracellular to the extracellular space.

How does hyperphosphatemia cause hypocalcemia?

By precipitating calcium, decreasing vitamin D production, and interfering with PTH-mediated bone resorption, hyperphosphatemia can cause hypocalcemia; in severe cases, hypocalcemia can be life-threatening.

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