What does IL-27 do?

Since IL-27 regulates the balance of Th1 and Th2 cells, it has the potential to skew the CD4+T cell response toward Th1, which could enhance tumor regression. IL-27 also inhibits the development and function of Treg cells, which suppress T cell activation in the TME permitting tumor cell escape (95–98).

What produces IL-27?

IL-27 is largely produced by Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages upon stimulation with TLRs agonists, IFN-α, IFN-γ or microbial infections. It consists of two subunits (p28/EBI3) which are expressed independently.

Which of the following is a cytokine known to have antitumor activity?

Multiple anticancer cytokines have demonstrated significant antitumor activity in preclinical studies. However, only IL-2 and IFN-α have made it into the clinic as monotherapy both with limited success.

How do I raise my IL 27?

IL-27 levels are increased by direct host cell interactions with bacteria, viruses and parasites and infectious outcomes are determined in a pathogen-specific manner. IL-27 negatively regulates phagocytosis, oxidative burst and autophagy in innate immune cells.

What does IL 2 stimulate?

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is one of a family of polypeptides that mediate interactions between leukocytes. It was initially called T-cell growth factor. It stimulates proliferation and enhances function of other T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells and B-cells.

Where is interleukin 2 produced?

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a monomeric glycoprotein that is primarily produced by activated CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells. It is characterized as a proinflammatory cytokine that is secreted by Th1 cells.

What do cytokines do in the immune system?

Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells. When released, they signal the immune system to do its job. Cytokines affect the growth of all blood cells and other cells that help the body’s immune and inflammation responses.

What do cytokines stimulate?

Cytokines are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma.

What is the mechanism of action of IL27?

IL-27 acts through a heterodimer receptor consisting of IL-27R α (WSX1) and gp130 chains, which mediate signaling predominantly through STAT1 and STAT3. IL-27 was initially reported as an immune-enhancing cytokine that supports CD4 + T cell proliferation, T helper (Th)1 cell differentiation, and IFN- γ production, acting in concert with IL-12.

What is IL-27 made of?

IL-27 is a pleiotropic two-chain cytokine, composed of EBI3 and IL-27p28 subunits, which is structurally related to both IL-12 and IL-6 cytokine families. IL-27 acts through a heterodimer receptor consisting of IL-27R α (WSX1) and gp130 chains, which mediate signaling predominantly through STAT1 and STAT3.

What is the difference between IL-27 and IL-35?

IL-27 also belongs to the IL-12 family, which includes IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, and IL-39 ( Figure 1A ). Although IL-35 is considered to belong to the IL-12 family, due to its usage of the gp130 receptor it is also related to members of the IL-6 family ( 12 ).

Is IL-27 an immunotherapy agent?

IL-27 is a cytokine of the IL-12 family [47] and has shown impressive antitumor effects in different cancer models. Therefore, IL-27 has been proposed as a potential new agent to be explored in cancer immunotherapy studies [reviewed in [48]].